Understanding Negative Internal Functions

"The fifth cause of disease is the working of 'devils' from within that manifest in the form of mental illness.....
Devils in Buddhist mythology are personificationsof negative internal functions. They represent selfish attachments of bad influences that hinder people's pursuit of truth and that work to prevent them from cultivating a strong, positive life force. Devliish functions are aspects of our own lives that damage our health and hamper the practice of Buddhist teachings.

"Devils represent the fundmental tendency of an individual's life toward disharmony of body and mind. Unlike the other four causes of illness, this affects the relam of the mind. Its source is located not in external influences but within the individual, so that the person's life is robbed of its brilliance. The result is the emergence of life's fundamental darkness or delusion.

"From darkness and delusion arise the three poisons- greed, anger and foolishness. These poisons are understood as the source of all destructive, selfish desires or attachments, and are essentially devilish"
(Unlocking the Mysteries of Birth and Death, pg. 67).

Daisaku Ikeda
Living Buddhism -Nov/Dec 2006

Sympathy for the Devil

“Please allow me to introduce myself,” says The Devil in the Rolling Stones’ classic tune “Sympathy for the Devil.” 

by *mimulux

Unfortunately, devils are not usually so obvious. By nature, they are devious and hard to identify. In addition, our powers to discern good and evil are diminished by two things: our own ignorance or delusion and the cunning of “the devil himself.”

In Nichiren Buddhism “devils” symbolize a function of life. No one actually is a devil, but everyone has the potential to think and behave in a devilish fashion. Terms like devil and evil define modes of human behavior—our own or others’—that can hinder our ability to respect the Buddha nature in ourselves or in others.

Nichiren Daishonin writes of how difficult it is to discern good from evil while in an unenlightened state. He refers to this as a “dream realm,” in which our minds are “invariably engaged with phantoms, and so it gives rise to phantom capacities, phantom receptiveness, phantom responses…” (The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, vol. 2, p. 836). Or, he writes, that people have “become drunk on the bad liquor of inner darkness” (WND-1, 478). To awaken from our dream state, to sober from our drunkenness of ignorance, we practice Buddhism as members of the SGI, dedicated to awakening and encouraging one another.

Sneakiness and cunning are the devil’s calling cards; according to Nichiren, obstacles and devilish functions arise in “confusing form” (WND-1, 281) to hinder one’s Buddhist practice, or to create division and mistrust among fellow Buddhists. For one who is taken in by these, he says, “The devil will watch over him like a parent” (WND-1, 770).

Devilish functions or the people who embody them often take on an attractive and sympathetic appearance like the “man of wealth and taste” in the Stones’ song. But to sympathize with those who behave in a devilish manner, who hinder the advancement of kosen-rufu, serves neither them nor ourselves. Their error is critical and driven by the worst in human nature—to diminish the value of others, to use others for their own gain, with the effect of estranging people from the community of believers who propagate the most powerful Law, which can relieve suffering.

Shakyamuni Buddha thoroughly reproached his follower Devadatta, who, out of jealousy, tried to destroy the Buddhist Order. The Buddha harshly criticized him in public to alert everyone, including the transgressor, to the seriousness of the offense. SGI President Ikeda explains: “It is by denouncing evil that we can cause such people to open their eyes. That is because hearing voices resounding with the justice of the Mystic Law has the effect of activating the Buddha nature that lies dormant in an evil person’s heart” (June 2003 Living Buddhism, pp. 37–38). When we do this, Nichiren says, we are acting as the offender’s “parent.”

Buddhism does not view good and evil as a duality, as existing independent of one another. Even a Buddha possesses the potential for evil. If this were not so, the principles of “mutual possession of the ten worlds” or “three thousand realms in a single moment of life” would not be true. The potential inherent in any condition of life are all the other possible conditions. The Buddhist principle called the “oneness of good and evil” means that where there is evil, good is an ever-present potential, where there is good, evil is always a possibility. As Nichiren writes, “Good and evil have been inherent in life since time without beginning” (WND-1, 1113). Since both good and evil are always present in all life, it becomes each person’s continual challenge to encourage and nurture good and to suppress evil.

Also, the good and evil we may see in others reflects the good and evil in our own lives. They are universal potentials. “I can see me in you” and “I can see you in me” is a viewpoint basic to Buddhism.

As Buddhists, we do not presume that anyone is exclusively evil, with no potential for good. Nor do we assume ourselves to be exclusively good and incapable of error. Such attitudes are non-Buddhist. To identify evil and discuss it with the conviction that this will lead to the growth and benefit of all involved is the purpose of Buddhist dialogue. In doing so, our aim should always be to inspire and empower others and to unite people rather than divide them.

—Dave Baldschun 

Obstacles and Devils (Sansho Shima)

UKE March 1997 by Catherine Cinnnamon 

The three obstacles and four devils is a literal translation of the Japanese term sansho shima. This is a traditional classification of the types of difficulties and obstacles we encounter when we practise Buddhism.

Obstacles usually refers to external problems we may meet, whereas devils refers not to scary demonic spirits, which do not really exist, but rather to our own innermost negative tendencies, or the workings of life's innate deluded nature. We could say that obstacles are anything that functions to obstruct our practice of faith, whereas devils are self-destructive and destroy the quality of life itself.

The two best-known letters in which Nichiren Daishonin explains these obstacles and devils were both written to the Ikegami brothers, whose father threatening to disinherit them because of their refusal to give up their faith. This was a serious matter in those days. In the first of these, 'Letter to the Brothers', Nichiren Daishonin warns:

As practice progresses and understanding grows, the three obstacles and four devils emerge, vying with one another to interfere (MW-V1 p.145, WND p.501)

Once we start practicing we soon realize that constant effort is necessary to maintain a consistent practice; the same is true of attaining the supreme life-condition of Buddhahood. Even the difficulty of believing we can manifest this condition, or that everyone has it, can in itself be an obstacle.

In 'Letter to Misawa', Nichiren Daishonin writes, "Even if you should manage to overcome the first six (of the three obstacles and four devils), if you are defeated by the seventh, you will not be able to become a Buddha".
(MW-V3 p.252, WND p.894)

It is important, therefore, to recognize sansho shima and overcome it. The support of people who are more experienced in practicing Buddhism is often very helpful in enabling us to identify and overcome this negativity, as President Ikeda points out:

The human mind wavers and changes from moment to moment. Over time, one experiences confusion even regarding things that one has previously decided on. This is an unchanging aspect of life. For precisely this reason, guidance and encouragement in the correct practice of faith are very important.
(Buddhism in Action, Vol.6, p.8)

He also says:

During the past forty years, I have been the target of unjustifiable criticism and faced raging waves of persecution again and again. However I have never been defeated in my struggles for kosen rufu… Time and again, I have transcended the raging waves of the three powerful enemies and the three obstacles and four devils. Each time, I did my utmost to carry out my faith exactly as the Daishonin taught. (ibid., Vol.6, p.360-1)

Nichiren Daishonin wrote: "Where it not for these (obstacles), there would be no way of knowing that this is the true teaching" (MW-V1, p.145, WND p.501).

It is precisely because the Mystic Law is a great positive force that the negativity inherent within us and our environment resists our attempts to strengthen it through our practice. If chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo had no power to change karma or draw out our Buddha nature, no one would experience any difficulty in practising it!

It is at a crucial time that obstacles or devils are most likely to appear. That is why the Daishonin emphasizes that we should neither fear them nor give in to them. In the second of his letters to the Ikegami brothers, 'The Three Obstacles and Four Devils', he says:

There is definitely something extraordinary in the ebb and flow of the tide, the rising and setting of the moon, and the way in which summer, autumn, winter and spring give way to each other. Something uncommon also occurs when an ordinary person attains Buddhahood. At such times, the three obstacles and four devils will invariably appear, and the wise will rejoice while the foolish will retreat. (MW-V2 p.288, WND p.637)

The important thing is to realize that when difficulties appear, they present an opportunity to make renewed efforts in our practice so that we are able to grow further and show proof of the power of Nam-myoho-renge-kyo. Obstacles and devils are a natural function of our practice and we should not be afraid of them - as our practice and faith deepens, we come to recognize the form our own particular demons take, tailor-made for each of us, so that we can continue to challenge ourselves in our quest to become really great human beings.

The three obstacles are:

 1. Earthly desires (bonno-sho), or obstacles arising from the three poisons of greed, anger and stupidity.
2. Karma (go-sho), or obstacles due to karma created by committing any of the five cardinal sins or ten evil acts (this category is also interpreted as opposition from one's partner or children).
3. Retribution (ho-sho), or obstacles due to painful retribution for actions in the three evil paths (Hell, Hunger and Animality). This category also indicates obstacles caused by one's sovereign, parents or other persons who carry some sort of secular authority.

The four devils are the hindrance of:

1. The five components (on-ma), that is, those hindrances caused by one's physical and mental functions.
2. Earthly desires (bonno-ma), or illusions arising from the three poisons.
3. Death (shima), because the fear and suffering that death entails, whether our own or someone else's can shake our faith and obstruct our practice of Buddhism, especially if death seems untimely.
4. The Devil of the Sixth Heaven (tenji-ma). This is regarded as the most serious hindrance; in Indian cosmology this king of devils represents the fundamental darkness inherent in life itself. This can assume any number of forms to obstruct believers and is often said to take the form of persecution by those in power. It is the most powerful of all the negative forces, and takes the form most likely to trouble us or cause us to suffer from doubt or illusion.

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